秦朝政治体系详述（The political system of Qin dynasty）

秦时期是中国社会由分裂走向统一的时期。春秋战国时期，中国社会长期分裂，诸侯割据，战乱不已。秦自孝公、商鞅变法后，采用法家主张，修明法度，奖励耕战，鼓吹暴力，严刑峻罚，强化社会组织。依靠这条路线,秦国日益富强,最后由秦始皇统一了中国，为统一的多民族国家的形成，为中国社会经济文化的进步与发展，创造了有利的条件。

秦时期是中国中央集权封建专制帝国初步建立并不断发展巩固的时期。秦始皇统一中国后，为了巩固地主阶级的统治，在全国范围内废除了西周以来的分封制，推行由中央统辖的郡县制，确立了专制主义中央集权的国家制度。在这一重大改革中，皇权得到了极大的加强，最终形成以皇权为中心的封建专制制度。

国家最高统治者号称“皇帝”，拥有至高无上的权威，他的命令就是法律，被称为“制”和“诏”，全国一切政事都由皇帝个人独断。这时期的各种政治制度也逐渐建立和健全起来。随着统一后疆域的扩大，特别是出于对广大人民统治的需要，行政事务日益增多和复杂，从而建立起一套严密的官僚机构。中央的三公九卿制度和地方的郡、县、乡、亭、里等行政机构，都是在这一时期建立和逐渐完备的。

秦时期地主阶级土地所有制已经完全确立，地主阶级政权加强了对广大农民的压迫和剥削，贫富悬殊日益扩大，从而使地主阶级与农民阶级这一封建社会的主要矛盾日益突出和尖锐，终于导致了两次反抗封建统治阶级的农民大起义。

如何巩固地主阶级政权，防止农民运动的再起便成为封建统治者面临的重大问题。由于秦王朝的暴政、急政和农民起义的长期战乱。如何恢复和发展生产以苏民困，成为摆在统治者面前的重要任务。如何从政治上、思想上巩固封建帝国的统一，也是统治者十分关心的问题。

The Qin Dynasty was a period when China society moved from division to unity. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China's society was divided for a long time, the vassal regime was divided, and the war was endless. After Qin Zi filial piety and Shang Yang's political reform, he adopted legalist ideas, revised statutes, rewarded farming, advocated violence, imposed severe punishments and strengthened social organizations. Relying on this route, the State of Qin became increasingly prosperous, and finally China was unified by Qin Shihuang, which created favorable conditions for the formation of a unified multi-ethnic country and the social, economic and cultural progress and development of China.

The Qin Dynasty was a period when China's centralized feudal autocratic empire was initially established and continuously developed and consolidated. After Qin Shihuang unified China, in order to consolidate the rule of the landlord class, the enfeoffment system since the Western Zhou Dynasty was abolished nationwide, and the county system under the jurisdiction of the central government was implemented, thus establishing a centralized national system of absolutism. During this major reform, the imperial power was greatly strengthened, and finally a feudal autocratic system centered on the imperial power was formed.

The supreme ruler of the country is called the "emperor" and has supreme authority. His orders are laws, which are called "regulations" and "imperial edicts". All political affairs in the country are arbitrary by the emperor himself. During this period, various political systems were gradually established and improved. With the expansion of the territory after reunification, especially for the needs of the rule of the broad masses of people, administrative affairs are increasing and complicated, thus establishing a strict bureaucracy. During this period, the central system of "three publics and nine ministers" and local administrative institutions such as counties, counties, townships, pavilions and villages were established and gradually perfected.

During the Qin Dynasty, the land ownership of the landlord class was completely established, and the landlord class regime strengthened the oppression and exploitation of the peasants, and the disparity between the rich and the poor widened day by day, which made the main contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class, a feudal society, increasingly prominent and sharp, and finally led to two peasant uprisings against the feudal ruling class.

How to consolidate the political power of the landlord class and prevent the resurgence of the peasant movement has become a major problem faced by feudal rulers. Due to the tyranny, emergency and long-term war of peasant uprising in Qin dynasty. How to restore and develop production in Su Min has become an important task for the rulers. How to consolidate the unity of the feudal empire politically and ideologically is also a matter of great concern to the rulers.